George Chavchanidze Department of Theoretical Physics, A. Razmadze Institute of Mathematics, 1 Aleksidze Street, Tbilisi 0193, Georgia In the present paper correspondence between non-Noether symmetries and bi-Hamiltonian structures is disscussed. We show that in regular Hamiltonian systems presence of the global bi-Hamiltonian structure is caused by symmetry of the space of solution. As an example well known bi-Hamiltonian realisation of Korteweg-De Vries equation is disscussed. Bi-Hamiltonian system; Non-Noether symmetry; Non-Cartan symmetry; Korteweg- De Vries equation. 70H33, 70H06, 53Z05 Georgian Math. J. 10 (2003) 057-061 Noether theorem, Lutzky's theorem, bi-Hamiltonian formalism and bidifferential calculi are often used in generating conservation laws and all this approaches are unified by the single idea — to construct conserved quantities out of some invariant geometric object (generator of the symmetry — Hamiltonian vector field in Noether theorem, non-Hamiltonian one in Lutzky's approach, closed 2-form in bi-Hamiltonian formalism and auxiliary differential in case of bidifferential calculi). There is close relationship between later three approaches. Some aspects of this relationship has been uncovered in [3],[4]. In the present paper it is discussed how bi-Hamiltonian structure can be interpreted as a manifestation of symmetry of space of solutions. Good candidate for this role is non-Noether symmetry. Such a symmetry is a group of transformation that maps the space of solutions of equations of motion onto itself, but unlike the Noether one, does not preserve action. In the case of regular Hamiltonian system phase space is equipped with symplectic form $\omega$ (closed $d\omega \; =\; 0$ and nondegenerate $i$_Xω = 0 ⇒ X = 0 2-form) and time evolution is governed by Hamilton's equation i_Xhω + dh = 0 where $X$_h is Hamiltonian vector field that defines time evolution dfdt = X_h(f) for any function $f$ and $i$_Xhω denotes contraction of $X$_h and $\omega$. Vector field is said to be (locally) Hamiltonian if it preserves $\omega$. According to the Liouville's theorem $X$_h defined by (1) automatically preserves $\omega$ due to relation L_Xhω = di_Xhω + i_Xhdω = − ddh = 0 One can show that group of transformations of phase space generated by any non-Hamiltonian vector field $E$ g(a) = e^aL_E does not preserve action g_*(A) = g_*(∫ pdq − hdt) = ∫ g_*(pdq − hdt) ≠ 0 because $d(L$_E(pdq − hdt)) = L_Eω − dE(h) ∧ dt ≠ 0 (first term in r.h.s. does not vanish since $E$ is non-Hamiltonian and as far as $E$ is time independent $L$_Eω and $dE(h)\; \wedge \; dt$ are linearly independent 2-forms). As a result every non-Hamiltonian vector field $E$ commuting with $X$_h leads to the non-Noether symmetry (since $E$ preserves vector field tangent to solutions $L$_E(X_h) = [E , X_h] = 0 it maps the space of solutions onto itself). Any such symmetry yields the following integrals of motion [1],[2],[4],[5] I^(k) = Tr(R^k)        k = 1,2 ... n where $R\; =\; \omega -1L$_Eω and $n$ is half-dimension of phase space. It is interesting that for any non-Noether symmetry, triple $(h,\; \omega ,\; \omega$_E) carries bi-Hamiltonian structure (§4.12 in [6],[7]-[9]). Indeed $\omega$_E is closed ($d\omega$_E = dL_Eω = L_Edω = 0) and invariant ($L$_Xhω_E = L_XhL_Eω = L_EL_Xhω = 0) 2-form (but generic $\omega$_E is degenerate). So every non-Noether symmetry quite naturally endows dynamical system with bi-Hamiltonian structure. Now let's discuss how non-Noether symmetry can be recovered from bi-Hamiltonian system. Generic bi-Hamiltonian structure on phase space consists of Hamiltonian system $h,\; \omega$ and auxiliary closed 2- form $\omega \ast$ satisfying $L$_Xhω^∗ = 0. Let us call it global bi-Hamiltonian structure whenever $\omega \ast$ is exact (there exists 1-form $\theta \ast$ such that $\omega \ast =\; d\theta \ast$) and $X$_h is (globally) Hamiltonian vector field with respect to $\omega \ast$ ($i$_Xhω^∗ + dh^∗ = 0). As far as $\omega$ is nondegenerate there exists vector field $E\ast$ such that $i$_E^∗ω = θ^∗. By construction L_E^∗ω = ω^∗ Indeed L_E^∗ω = di_E^∗ω + i_E^∗dω = dθ^∗ = ω^∗ And i_[E^∗,Xh]ω = L_E^∗(i_Xhω) − i_XhL_E^∗ω = − d(E^∗(h) − h^∗) = − dh' In other words $[X$_h , E^∗] is Hamiltonian vector field, i. e., $[X$_h , E] = X_h'. So $E\ast$ is not generator of symmetry since it does not commute with $X$_h but one can construct (locally) Hamiltonian counterpart of $E\ast$ (note that $E\ast$ itself is non-Hamiltonian) — $X$_g with g(z) =t∫0 h'dτ Here integration along solution of Hamilton's equation, with fixed origin and end point in $z(t)\; =\; z$, is assumed. Note that (10) defines $g(z)$ only locally and, as a result, $X$_g is a locally Hamiltonian vector field, satisfying, by construction, the same commutation relations as $E\ast$ (namely $[X$_h , X_g] = X_h'). Finally one recovers generator of non-Noether symmetry — non-Hamiltonian vector field $E\; =\; E\ast -\; X$_g commuting with $X$_h and satisfying L_Eω = L_E^∗ω − L_Xgω = L_E^∗ω = ω^∗ (thanks to Liouville's theorem $L$_Xgω = 0). So in case of regular Hamiltonian system every global bi-Hamiltonian structure is naturally associated with (non-Noether) symmetry of space of solutions. As a toy example one can consider free particle h = ½ ∑m p_m²       ω = ∑m dp_m ∧ dq_m this Hamiltonian system can be extended to the bi-Hamiltonian one h, ω, ω^∗ = ∑m p_mdp_m ∧ dq_m clearly $d\omega \ast =\; 0$ and $X$_h preserves $\omega \ast$. Conserved quantities $p$_m are associated with this simple bi-Hamiltonian structure. This system can be obtained from the following (non-Noether) symmetry (infinitesimal form) q_m       →       (1 + ap_m)q_m p_m        →       (1 + ap_m)p_m The earliest and probably the most well known bi-Hamiltonian structure is the one discovered by F. Magri and assosiated with Korteweg- De Vries integrable hierarchy. The KdV equation u_t + u_xxx + uu_x = 0 (zero boundary conditions for $u$ and its derivatives are assumed) appears to be Hamilton's equation i_Xhω+ dh = 0 where X_h = + ∞∫− ∞ dx u_tδδu (here $\delta \delta u$ denotes variational derivative with respect to the field $u(x)$) is the vector field tangent to the solutions, ω = + ∞∫− ∞ dx du ∧ dv is the symplectic form (here $v$ is defined by $v$_x = u) and the function h = + ∞∫− ∞ dx (u³3 − u_x²) plays the role of Hamiltonian. This dynamical system possesses non-trivial symmetry — one-parameter group of non-cannonical transformations $g(a)\; =\; eL$_E generated by the non-Hamiltonian vector field E = + ∞∫− ∞ dx (u_xx + u²2)∂∂u + X_F here first term represents non-Hamiltonian part of the generator of the symmetry, while the second one is its Hamiltonian counterpart assosiated with F = + ∞∫− ∞(u²v12 + G4 + 3vI⁽²⁾4I⁽³⁾)dx ($I(2,3)$ are defined in (22), while $G$ is defined by $G$_x = u³3 − u_x² . The physical origin of this symmetry is unclear, however the symmetry seems to be very important since it leads to the celebrated infinite sequence of conservation laws in involution: I⁽¹⁾ = + ∞∫− ∞ u dx I⁽²⁾ = + ∞∫− ∞ u² dx I⁽³⁾ = + ∞∫− ∞ (u³3 − u_x²) dx I⁽⁴⁾ = + ∞∫− ∞ (536u⁴ − 53uu_x² + u_xx²) dx ⋯ and ensures integrability of KdV equation. Second Hamiltonian realization of KdV equation discovered by F. Magri [7] i_Xh^∗ω^∗ + dh^∗ = 0 (where $\omega \ast =\; L$_Eω and $h\ast =\; L$_Eh) is a result of invariance of KdV under aforementioned transformations $g(a)$. Author is grateful to Z. Giunashvili for constructive discussions and to G. Jorjadze for support. This work was supported by INTAS (00-00561) and Scholarship from World Federation of Scientists. F. González-Gascón Geometric foundations of a new conservation law discovered by Hojman J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 27 L59-60 1994 M. Lutzky New derivation of a conserved quantity for Lagrangian systems J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 15 L721-722 1998 M. Crampin, W. Sarlet, G. Thompson Bi-differential calculi and bi-Hamiltonian systems J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 33 No. 22 L177-180 2000 P. Guha A Note on Bidifferential Calculi and Bihamiltonian systems IHÉS preprint M/64 2000 G. Chavchanidze Non-Noether symmetries in singular dynamical systems Georgian Math. J. 8 (2001) 027-032 2001 N.M.J. Woodhouse Geometric Quantization Claredon, Oxford 1992 F. 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